Electroshock. Notes DJ Review Essay Example

Electroshock. Notes DJ Review Paper Paper on Electroshock. Notes DJ What made me read this book inconceivable. Regardless of whether legitimate (around then still) the assessment of Rolling Stone, whether the first plan, which is presently the day the fire won't find. In any case, the world elektoronnoy music has consistently been for me an unfilled sound, only a wiener, which was once for all the 90 youngsters. The music on the music, to make a temperament, charged feelings, and so forth., cause the individual to move, and not to stop, as did all the significant members in this history. The mind-set of the book is caught in departure from the absolute first pages, and become the apogee of the twelfth section, which is so kayfovo set out the substance of what's going on, that the psyche stunned by portraying in distinctive hues the feelings experienced. I never felt that the music and the book can be so well disposed colleagues. By perusing the book ought to be drawn nearer completely. All together not to miss any of the story strands and feel the monstrosity of this development, obviously, you have to unmistakably comprehend that speak to all these house, stupor and techno, just as to know face to face for all members of the occasion. The main thing that was near me, is the name of Tony Wilson, originator of the club, the Hacienda (see. Comfort party-goers et seq. Euphoria Division). What's more, its incredible to find out about known to you the occasions on the opposite side - . E, to work in the head sections from the film and wedge in, mysteriously, Acid House Welch We will compose a custom paper test on Electroshock. Notes DJ Review explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Electroshock. Notes DJ Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Electroshock. Notes DJ Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Before the perusing of the book electronic music was not related in me with the upset and dissent (in spite of the fact that it is very evident reality, to review a similar delight). DJ work appeared to be so worldwide. A vinyl and blend sounds support has never been so fascinating to me)))

Nike and Adidas Compare and Contrast Essay

Nike and Adidas Compare and difference exposition Both Nike and Adidas are sportswear organizations whose items all through numerous pieces of the world are well known and have been the best two driving game organizations in the game business. The reason for this article is to look into Nike and Adidas organizations as far as central command, showcase center, sponsorships, promoting and publicizing, cost and item. Nike is a universal U. S. - American sportswear producers. It was established by Bill Bowerman in the year 1972 and the motto is â€Å"Just Do It†. Then again, Adidas is an overall sportwears producer situated in Germany and established by Adolf Dassler on 18 August 1949. The motto is â€Å"Impossible is nothing†. These two organizations sell and offer a wide scope of items for the clients and their items offered is for the most part on sports wear for people. These organizations additionally give the clients assortments of footwear, for example, sports shoes, easygoing shoes, boots, shoes and stockings. While they are selling comparable items, Nike items are more costly than Adidas on the grounds that all Nike brand hasâ highâ and advanceâ technology. Nike and Adidas have likewise been the top supporters in the game business. Nike advances its items by sponsorship concurrences with VIP competitors, proficient groups and school athletic groups. Interestingly, Adidas supports proficient soccer, tennis, general sports with fundamentally apparel. As far as market center, Retail is a key concentration for Nike in interfacing with shoppers, both on the web and coming up. Though, Adidas are European market center since Europe is the origination of Adidas with a long custom of mastery in the commercial center. All in all, Nike and Adidas are both renowned games brand, individuals normally will in general contrast them with one another and got an at last decision yet I think cost is a crucial factor that impacts shoppers to settle on a ultimate choice. Our practices demonstrated that the items do an incentive for cash. Nike and Adidas Compare and Contrast Essay Submitted by : Miss Sudarat Doungbanthao Submitted to : Aj. Emilyn R. Orlain Draft no. 2 Date. Friday, 23 December 2011 At present, in the market we have numerous items dispatch ordinary and the notice can’t let the shopper know every single new item accessible yet I don’t think it is valid. Indeed, the notice  is an approach to tell buyer what's happening, unique or accessible and furthermore gives a helpful data to customers so as to make the item known in the market. As indicated by housewife Tanai Cohen, â€Å"There are such a large number of new items available and it is difficult to get some answers concerning them without notices. Additionally, I like difficult new products† Miss Sudarat Doungbanthao 523080937-1

Bach (Acorus Calamus) Essay

Bach or Sweet banner is thought to have started in Central Asia and most likely indigenous to India, discovered regular in zones that encompass the Himalayas. Because of development, it has spread all through the globe, found across Europe, in southern Russia, northern Asia Minor, southern Siberia, China, Japan, Burma, Sri Lanka, Australia, just as southern Canada and northern USA. Calamus has for quite some time been an image of male love. The name is related with a Greek fantasy on Kalamos, child of the stream god Maeander. In Japan, the plant is an image of the samurai’s boldness due to its sharp blade like leaves. Teton-Dakota warriors bit the root to a glue, which they scoured on their appearances. It forestalled energy and dread when confronting a foe. In Penobscot homes, the root was cut and hung up. Steaming it all through the house is thought to fix ailment. have likewise been utilized as a cover for rooftops. Food and Flavoring: A fundamental oil from the rhizome is utilized in perfumery and as food enhancing, it has an aroma suggestive of patchouli oil. A basic oil got from the leaves is utilized in perfumery and for making fragrant vinegars. Creepy crawly repellent: The fundamental oil is additionally a bug repellent and bug spray. It is effe c t I ve a ga I n st houseflies. When added to rice being put away in storage facilities it has altogether diminished misfortune brought about by bug harm on the grounds that the oil in the root has disinfected the male rice weevils. All pieces of plant can be dried and used to repulse creepy crawlies or to fragrance cloth organizers. Incense: The leaves and the roots have invigorating aroma of cinnamon. They can likewise be scorched as incense. Medication: In Ayurvedic arrangement of medication, the rhizomes of Sweet banner are considered to have hostile to convulsive, carminative and anthelmintic properties and have been utilized for various valuable reasons. Vacha is considered as a ‘sattvic’ herb which takes care of and transmutes the sexual ‘kundalini’ vitality. It is structures a famous solution for hack and cold and furthermore the other respiratory issue like bronchitis. In crude structure it is utilized as hack tablet. Sweet banner gives help to the stomach related framework and acts against bombastic colic, dyspepsia, and spewing. Acorus calamus discourages focal sensory system and is a notable fixing in plan for psycho-substantial disarranges like epilepsy. The fumes of Sweet banner repulse a few creepy crawlies. THE PLANT Sweet banner is a lasting, semi-sea-going and foul plant, found in both mild and sub calm zones. It is up to 2m tall, fragrant, blade formed leaves and little, yellow/green blossoms with stretched rhizome. Plants once in a while bloom or set natural product, yet when they do, the blossoms are 3-8 cm long, tube shaped fit as a fiddle, greenish earthy colored and shrouded in a large number of adjusted spikes. The natural products are little and berry-like, containing barely any seeds. Development It’s a solid plant discovered developing from tropical to sub-tropical atmospheres. A lot of daylight ought to be accessible to the plant during its development and subsequent to gathering for drying the rhizomes. This species comes up well in clayey topsoils, sandy soils and light alluvial soils of waterway banks. The land ought to be furrowed twice or threefold preceding the beginning of downpours. Acorus is engendered through rhizomes acquired from before planting. The best an ideal opportunity for planting is the second fortnight of June. The waterway or trench bank where the land is immersed with water is entirely reasonable for its development. Opportune weeding and hoeing to control the spread of weeds and to get great yield is basic. After each weeding the developing plants are pushed down into the dirt. Following 6-8 months, in December, the lower leaves turn yellow and dry showing their development. The field ought to be incompletely dried just leaving adequate dampness for removing the plant. The evacuated rhizome is cleaned in the wake of washing with water and cut into size and sinewy roots expelled. The cut rhizomes are dried by spreading under the shade with the goal that the measure of oil present in it isn't hurt. Exchange AND COMMERCE Sweet banner has been a thing of exchange numerous societies for a large number of years. Sweet banner structures a valuable extra to different tonics and energizers. Its household request is very huge. As the creation is considerably less in India, the inward market itself is profoundly potential. Shippers, purchasers inside the nation, processors, customary specialists, Ayurvedic and Siddha sedate makers crowd the business sectors for acquisition of this plant each year.

Gideon vs Wainwright Essay Example For Students

Gideon versus Wainwright Essay The composers shaped this nation with one sole record, the Constitution, whichthey composed with extraordinary intelligence and prescience. This abundant intelligence emerged from the unjusttreatment of King George to which the settlers were subject. Among these infringement ofthe homesteaders rights were unjust preliminaries that made a joke of equity. Subsequently, afair preliminary of the blamed was a correct given to the residents alongside different values that theframers imparted in each other aspect of this countrys government. These affirmations ofthe residents rights expressed in the bill of rights. In the Sixth Amendment, it is expressed that, In every criminal arraignment, theaccused will appreciate the rightto have the Assistance of Counsel for his guard. A firstreading of this expression one may be imagine that this right, what gives a personaccused of a wrongdoing to have legal counselors for his resistance, is basic information being that it isamong the most fundamenta l rights given to the populace of the general population. Be that as it may, the simplemanner in which this alteration is stated makes a hazy area, and subject tointerpretation under various conditions. The authenticity of the option to mount a legaldefense is additionally clouded by the Fourteenth Amendment which expresses, No State shallmake or uphold any law which will compress the benefits of residents of the UnitedStates. Accordingly, numerous inquiries start to emerge which try to decide the genuine rightof the blamed to the help for counsel. Should lawful insight be given by thegovernment if the charged does not have the assets to gather a direction for his safeguard? Or then again, onthe other hand, does this revision set the obligation of amassing a defensivecounsel on the charged regardless of whether the person comes up short on the assets to do so?Also, do the states reserve the option to make their own enactment with respect to the rightof the poor blamed to have counse l designated to them in the state preliminaries, or does theFourteenth Amendment forestall this? The Supreme Court was confronted with noting thesequestions on account of Gideon v. Wainwright. In June of 1961, Clarence Earl Gideon, a multi year old insignificant cheat, wanderer, andgambler who had consumed quite a bit of his time on earth all through prison was captured in Panama CityFlorida. He was accused of breaking into a poolroom one night with an end goal to stealbeer, Coke, and coins from a cigarette machine (Goodman 62). From the start, Gideon demanded that he was blameless. His preliminary initiated in aFlorida court in August of that year. Gideon educated the Judge that he was notprepared for the preliminary to start since he had not gathered a legitimate direction in hisdefense. He at that point mentioned that the court delegate advice to speak to him (Goodman62). The Judge reacted with the accompanying explanation: Mr. Gideon, I am grieved, yet I can't name Counsel to sp eak to you for this situation. Under the laws of the State of Florida, the main time the Court can choose Counsel to speak to a respondent is the point at which that individual is accused of a capital offense. I am heartbroken, however I should deny your solicitation to designate Counsel to safeguard you for this situation (372 U.S. 335)The preliminary proceeded, and Gideon coordinated his safeguard; however his endeavors were purposeless as onecould anticipate from a typical man with no lawful instruction or experience. The juryconvicted him of the felonious charges and gave Gideon the most extreme multi year sentence(Goodman 62). At the hour of Gideons preliminary in the Florida court the privilege to legitimate counselensured by the Sixth Amendment was just appropriate to government cases, and states had theright to deal with the matter of the arrangement of lawful direction to the protection in state casesat their caution (Asch, 135). This training was an impact of the result of the UnitedStates Supreme Court instance of Betts v. Brady chose in 1942. For this situation, anunemployed ranch laborer in Maryland named Smith Betts was accused of robberyrequested that the court delegate insight to his guard. The adjudicator denied this solicitation onthe grounds that in that district it was not practice in that area for the court to appointcounsel to poor litigants just in capital cases. Like Gideon, Betts directed his owndefense and was indicted and condemned to eight years in jail. Betts sent an intrigue tothe Supreme Court, yet the Court governed against Betts in light of the fact that, the courts sentiment was inthe extraordinary dominant part of states, it has been the viewed as judgment of the individuals, theirrepresentatives, and their courts that the arrangement of insight isn't a fundamentalright, basic to a reasonable preliminary (Goodman 64). With the point of reference set by the decision of Brady v. Betts, the refusal of theappointment of direction by the preliminary court in the Gideon case was given with simply reason. Significance Of Reading EssayThis choice implied that Gideon got another preliminary. A preliminary wherein he had equitablerepresentation by a skillful legal advisor. In Gideons retrial, his court named attorneyfulfilled his obligations with such greatness that Gideon was absolved. This choice had numerous significant ramifications. First of all, every one of the many otherprisoners who had been sentenced without advantage for safeguard counsel won their releaseFlorida correctional facilities, just as the prisons of different states (Goodman 66). This might be disconcertingbecause a portion of these detainees may have been liable of their violations or solidified byprison, and these detainees are as a rule calmly discharged into society. The State of Floridashould have retried these detainees as opposed to discharging them. In any case, the retrialprocess raises another inquiry If a detainee had a preliminary however was denied legitimate counsel,does it disregard the area of the Fi fth Amendment, which expresses that, Nor will anyperson be subject for a similar offense to be twice placed in peril of life or appendage. TheFifth Amendment ensures the privilege of an individual who is vindicated to not be attempted againfor a similar wrongdoing. Since the investigator can't offer like a convict can, or attempt theseprisoners again in another fair and authentic preliminary, does it imply that these freedprisoners won't be retried?That isn't all the choice achieved, notwithstanding. The most importantimplication set fortification in this preliminary is the additional confirmation of the authenticity of the predominance ofthe national government over the states. The intensity of the Federal government has grownsince the Civil War, wherein authenticity of the central government was firmlyestablished. The southern states felt that the genuine force was put resources into the state, and thattheir withdrawal was legitimized. After the annihilation of these secessionist expresses, the legitimacyof the Federal government was built up, and has developed since that time. The marker ofthis is the Fourteenth Amendment which restricts the states from instituting and enforcingany law which condenses the privileges of the residents set out by the Bill of Rights. Thistheme fits the Gideon case on the grounds that the decision implied that the states must give the SixthAmendment assurance to the litigant who is blamed for abusing a state law. Thismeans that the express no longer has the intensity of watchfulness in the execution of its ownlaws. In any case, for this situation, the strength of the government is all important andproper so as to make solidarity in the guarantee that the privileges of the residents set out by theconstitution are not encroached by the state. Works CitedGoodman, Elaine and Walter. The Rights of the People. Toronto: Doubleday, 1971. Asch, Sindey H. Social equality and Responsibilites under the Constitution. New York:Arco Publishing Company, 1968. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963). Wilson, James, and John J. DiIulio, Jr. American Government, organizations and Policies. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Company, 1995. Equity Under Law: the Gideon Case. Videocassette. Reference book Britanica EducationalCorporation, 1967. Barker, Lucius, and Twiley Barker, Jr. Common Liberties and the Constitution. New Jersey:Prentince Hall, 1990.

The sacrament of marriage Essay Example

The holy observance of marriage Essay The Roman Catholic Church has a quite certain translation of marriage and how it ought to be acknowledged. Marriage is one of the holy observances. It is one of the functions that the Roman Catholic Church anticipates that a dedicated catholic should experience. It is accepted to bring you one bit nearer to God. Marriage is additionally a contract, a guarantee to each other. It is an endless understanding between two individuals to dispense themselves to each other.The Catholic Church accepts that the connection between two individuals ought to resemble the creation story. Adam and Eve are model guardians and set a guide to all couples. God needs all Catholics to have a bond between one another appeared in the creation story.Jesus had an alternate view to the Old Testament which was that two individuals become one once they join together. Jesus said No person must separate what God has consolidated, implying that it isn't our business to decide to isolate. Jesus was totally against t he possibility of divorce.The Pope has a comparative sentiment to Jesus that a man and a lady promise themselves to each other in an unbreakable collusion implying that a marriage is unbreakable and that they are deciding to enter a coalition, a long lasting commitment.Hosea underscored that marriage was an image of Gods covenantal love.He said show your adoration for a lady who is submitting infidelity with a sweetheart. He is attempting to state that we ought to have the option to pardon in the event that we have trespassed against each other. The adoration between two individuals should enable their union with get by through a crisis.The Catholic Church trusts it is inadmissible for two individuals to separate as this is accentuated in the New Testament in spite of the fact that it conflicts with Moses lessons who said that separation was worthy. Albeit a marriage can be invalidated on the off chance that it is demonstrated that it was rarely genuine or occurred for an inappropri ate reasons.One of the principle perspectives on the Catholic Church is that marriage is there for two individuals to get one. There is an uncommon association that several offers in a marriage, sex is an indication of this association where two become one. In the event that the two accomplices decide to isolate they are as yet joined in the wake of getting one and God allows nobody to one. In a marriage sex is viewed as a legitimate articulation of the adoration for a man and a lady just inside marriage. They can have kids with the support of the congregation. The places of worship lessons clarify that the sex and the chance of having a kid ought not be isolated. The congregation trains that marriage is the main proper relationship, inside which sex should take place.In a wedding service, two individuals make a responsibility which is finished by the conjugal promises. These promises incorporate what their obligations are and what they are required to do as spouse/wife. For more ex travagant for more unfortunate is one of the pledges implying that they should remain by one another in the event that they are encountering any money related challenges. In ailment and in wellbeing implying that on the off chance that one accomplice shockingly is wiped out, the other must help them and proceed with their marriage. There are numerous different pledges which clarify their responsibilities.The Catechism is a book on moral issues which clarifies the Catholic Churches sees on society. One of the classes that are featured in the instruction is that infidelity, separation, polygamy and free association are for the most part offenses against the pride of marriage. Masturbation sex entertainment and gay practices are likewise viewed as sins. The Catholic Church is firmly against any one that doesn't follow the creation, the joining of a man and woman.Polygamy is another class that the congregation doesn't support of where somebody is hitched to more than one individual. Thi s is clarified in 1 kings11: 3 that Solomon had hitched 700 princesses and furthermore had 300 courtesans. Solomon had defied Gods laws and was lead off track by these women.The Catholic Church essentially accepts that when two individuals are hitched they have made a guarantee and are joined together. They can have sex and afterward have the option to have a youngster. Individuals are relied upon to keep their pledges and acknowledge the ethical issues referenced in the catechism.AO2: Explain how over the span of their marriage the couple would apply these convictions and feature explicit occasions where Christian conviction has a genuine effect to a sound marriage, you may incorporate an assortment of Christian reactions to the convictions andProblems that emerge in marriage (598 words)Many relationships are fruitful and don't encounter any difficult issues while there are numerous relationships which do encounter major issues. These issues can be identified with their pledges or other social issues. Numerous things should be possible to help spare a marriage during an emergency with assistance from the congregation or groups.When a marriage is experiencing issues they can frequently think about the pledges by keeping them. These conjugal promises can help settle issues. For more extravagant for more unfortunate is one of the pledges that we are relied upon to follow. Relationships can go through budgetary troubles which can prompt issues. One accomplice may feel they can't live with the other in the event that they are not being bolstered monetarily. Relationships going through these troubles are relied upon to cherish each other regardless of whether they are encountering budgetary problems.Another pledge that is required to help settle issues is in affliction and in wellbeing. This pledge implies that if either accomplice is having medical issues, the other should bolster them. Numerous relationships can separate as one accomplice may feel they can't love and care for them. Utilizing this promise they ought to have the option to keep cherishing one another and empower them to determine the issue by making time to think about the individual. Two individuals in a marriage are required to be as one till death do us separated. Individuals can think about this pledge and assist them with needing to proceed with the marriage and love each other until either accomplice dies.A marriage can encounter numerous issues and weights in the public arena. Relationships can separate for some reasons. A few times there could maltreatment in the marriage driving the casualty to understand the main way it is to isolate. An enormous level of relationships drop out because of one accomplice submitting infidelity and the other may feel they can't excuse. In these circumstances separation can be inescapable. A couple may have an abrogation on the off chance that they demonstrate that the marriage was either hurried or one was constrained or it occurred for an inappropriate reasons. When a marriage has been dissolved it has the benefit of totally being annihilated from the chapels records and can re-wed in a catholic church.When a couple is encountering issues they can find support from the congregation where there are sure gatherings sorted out for marriage issues. They would all be able to get help from mentoring gatherings, for example, Marriage and Relate.A couple may feel that they should remain together regardless of what because of specific reasons. On the off chance that kids are included the couple may feel that they need to remain together for them and to keep the family from separating. A couple may remain together for strict reasons. They might be strict and resolved to keep the marriage together to comply with the Roman Catholic perspectives. In the wake of having conjugal issues it could make a relationship a lot more grounded between two people.In a R.E video, R.E assortment, I found out about couples who have really ke pt the promise in affliction and in wellbeing. Anita and Glenn were as one for five months and afterward wedded for a half year. Sadly Glenn endured in a mishap and got crippled. Anita was empower to think about him and needed to care for her youngster. She didn't separate from Glenn and visits him frequently feeling that her marriage is still alive and genuine despite the fact that she is not, at this point ready to have a sexual relationship with him. This is a case of a genuine Christian who keeps on adoring her better half in affliction and in health.AO3: Life long marriage is a lot for Christians to live up today. The congregation ought to be eager to drop this promise. Do you concur? Offer explanations behind your response demonstrating that you have pondered all the more then one perspective. (462 words)I can't help contradicting this announcement and that this promise ought not be dropped. I think individuals need somebody they can depend on and have the option to impart an amazing remainder to as this is basic in a quick evolving world. They can have a future together that they can anticipate. When getting hitched a couple stand up their pledges. The pledge demise do us part ought not be broken as the Roman Catholic Church says. Jesus needed union with be lasting simply like his adoration for the congregation, which is changeless. He clarified that he didn't care for separate. A couple ought not be separated until one has died.Getting hitched is important to show the couple is prepared to make a promise to one another. A few needs this security, this pledge to show the everlasting solidarity between two individuals. Marriage can empower a couple to have security in this manner a couple can give a caring home to kids. It gives the couple and youngsters security. In the event that the couple have a solid enduring relationship it can forestall infidelity. A couples relationship can develop and their adoration deepens.Jesus clarified that when two individ uals are gone along with it isn't dependent upon us to choose to isolate. Having a separation is an immediate infringement to the pledges and Jesus lessons. He needed us to work through what ever issues or challenges we have seeing someone which could help make a couple stronger.How ever by and large it would be ideal if this pledge were to be dropped. Couples may be having major issues, for example, physical maltreatment. On the off chance that there is maltreatment in the relationship it might be amazingly hard to get past and separation could be inescapable. A few connections could be encountering insoluble cash issues. They could be in the red and the relationship is simply not advancing. There could be not kidding sexual issues in the relationship. One accomplice may frantically need a kid though the other may not or one accomplice might be not able to have chi

Forming, Storming, Norming and Performing Understanding the Stages of Team Formation

Forming, Storming, Norming and Performing Understanding the Stages of Team Formation You have heard and maybe even read about companies which enjoy massive success in what they do. They topple the challenges which come their way and always have an edge over the competition.When you listen to the leaders of these companies, you won’t fail to hear the word “teamwork” mentioned. In other words, for great success to be achieved, people must work together.Theoretically, that’s great and easy to do. Isn’t it just coming together and pursuing a common goal?Yeah, right. Until you try it yourself.Have you considered the fact that teams are made up of people? Do you remember that people are different? Different personalities, different preferences, different approaches to work?More than that, are you aware that there are people who show up at work but won’t really put in the required effort? Yet teams are made up of such. In case you are not aware of joy riders within organizations, check out the below video. Maybe you might recognize someone you know. With such si tuations at hand, how do they do it? Is it just good leadership? Perhaps good luck?To a good extent, credit goes to the leader. But that doesn’t mean that it is a natural skill in the leaders that brings the desired results. Keep in mind that leadership is a skill anyone can learn.The trick is in the leader understanding how to form a team. And it is not necessarily about forming the perfect team. That does not exist. As a leader, you are the one who makes your team great.So, if the trick is in understanding how to form teams, then how do you do it?Before we got to the how, let’s take a brief look at the why. This will help you understand where the success in team work comes from.WHY BUILD A TEAM?If someone asked you this question, you are likely to quickly give the answer that “Teams make work easier.” And you are right. That happens in teams. But did you know that there is more to teams than making work easier?Many employees can also make work easier. Yet big companies wit h many employees but with no teamwork never manage to match the success of smaller companies where teamwork is emphasized.To understand the full extent of the advantages, take a look at the below benefits.Teams take (calculated) risksIf you are running a business which you started alone and now have employees, you may be able to identify with this. Even if you have never worked anywhere but have tried to do something alone, you definitely have experienced this.When working as an individual, you will always be very cautious with your actions. It is simply a case of having all your eggs in one basket. You know very well that if you mess things up, you are solely to blame.Of course, taking responsibility is a good thing to learn and embrace. But your fear of losing often gets in the way of your progressing. Whether out of experience or from what you learned in school, one key entrepreneurial skill is risk taking.Risk taking is however not an easy thing to do.But when you have some comp any, the difficulty significantly reduces.How?The amount of insight available increases â€" you will realize this when you have more than one person looking at the situation. Obviously, you will have more information and more information almost always leads to better decisions.Different experience levels â€" whether you are a solo entrepreneur or working on a project alone as an employee, you face the challenge of having only your experience to guide you. It is no secret that experience plays a big role in success. In situations which are new to everyone, the experienced person will usually be the first one to see possible options to be considered. Therefore, when working with others, the experience gained from their backgrounds goes a long way in helping achieve the overall goal.Help in shouldering the burden of wrong outcomes â€" nothing feels good as the knowledge that someone will help you shoulder the burden if things go wrong. Of course, no-one wants things to go wrong. But th ey often do.Having someone with whom to walk the journey will make you approach hard decisions more easily. It’s not that you will become reckless, but that you will become less fearful.When you combine these three factors, you realize that the situation looks very different.Just two people working together will bring considerable benefits to any cause. How much then when there are ten people or more working together?Handling large teams can get tricky and it’s wise to keep the size of the team manageable. The important thing to note here is the potential benefit of several people working together towards an agreed goalHoned conflict resolution skillsOne of the biggest challenges of working with teams is resolving conflicts. Those who have no idea about team dynamics only talk about the good while understanding little about the inner workings of the team.However, we are not being negative. It is in the acceptance of challenges that we are made strong. Deciding to work with teams , brings this challenge. But if you consider the potential benefits, you will gladly embrace the challenge.And here is the catch. The challenge of dealing with conflicts is actually a blessing in disguise. Since you are forming your company for the long term, won’t it pay to make long term investments?When your team members experience challenges in dealing with one another, as long as you offer good leadership, they will soon come out of the situation. And they will be better. They will know how to handle each other’s emotions, acknowledge strengths and cover for weaknesses.They will be able to more easily work with each other and the team spirit developed will go beyond any future challenges.Increased productivityThis is the more obvious benefit that’s easy to identify. It is however not just about the distribution of duties and responsibilities. There is more that contributes to the increase in productivity.When a team comes together, the individuals bring their strengths to the table. This is what they present to the organization or cause they seek to further.For example, one person could be good at negotiations. What happens if he doesn’t have someone to negotiate with? Someone else may be good at approaching others and making great introductions. But if he is left to seal the deal, he may not deliver on a good price.What then happens when these two work together? Won’t the result be amazing?Teams harness the strengths of the individual members and by that, cover for individual weakness. When that happens, you can rarely have anything short of success. As the leader, your responsibility then becomes keeping the good working environment intact. Or better still, improving it.Teams provide a support networkHuman beings are social and there is no way one person will prefer living and working alone for the whole of his life. Though some may live such lives, it is obvious that something will be lacking.You may not be very social such that you attend al l partiesâ€"even when uninvited. But you need at least some form of social cover. This is especially necessary for those times when life deals you a blow. This could be sickness or just a situation where things aren’t really working out as expected.In the work or business environment, you need support too. This comes in the form of people understanding that we are all in need of some help. Be it in growing your career, building your business, caring for your family etc, you need help and so does everyone else.Every team has the potential to grow from one level of strength to another. And the more this happens, the better the support the members give each other.When handling large projects for example, it is common for fatigue to kick in. Coupled with the pressures and stresses of other areas of your life, you can easily put an important goal aside. This has the effect of postponing to the point of losing joy in the desire to achieve your goals.Teams make work funWho doesn’t like having fun? It is just part of being human. It is also a way of releasing stress and rejuvenating your body. But can you do that at work?It depends.There are companies known for having set up a fun working environment. That notwithstanding, work still gets done. Different approaches can be taken to make work fun. But teams have a natural way of doing it. This may however not be visible until the team members are well acquainted with each other.The secret lies in the team members forming friendships. These friendships may last beyond working hours. As they go for lunch together or meet over the weekend for events in which they share interests, the ties will grow stronger.This is where true friendship develops. Some have even gotten spouses from such teams.More than that, the prospect of working on a project with your friends guarantees success in a fun way. And if there is fun involved in the success, wouldn’t you want to be a part of it?With time, you will notice that such teams have very little record of stressful moments. Despite handling large projects and members putting in long working hours, you will rarely have cases of chronic stress.The benefits of working in teams are many. In some cases, some organizations may report unique benefits depending on their industry.THE STAGES OF TEAM FORMATIONThe above benefits and many others not listed can only be achieved if you have a solid team in place. The question then is, how do you form a solid team?The answer to this question can take many forms. Although many approaches may be taken in the form of Dos and Don’ts, this article will answer this question from a different angle.Rules vs. understandingA careful look at the Dos and Don’ts will tell you that those rules only apply in certain situations. And as much as the situations determine what is to be done or not done, the situations cannot be avoided.Here we are talking about the situations that come as the team journeys towards becoming solid.If you ha ve been keen enough in life, you will have realized that rules don’t necessarily affect the outcome of a situation. Instead, it is understanding the situation that determines the outcome. This is because understanding the situation guarantees better solutions.To explain this, take for instance a situation where a team is going through a major conflict among its members. The cause? Some members are not happy with the way others are working. They are accusing their colleagues of not focusing on the important parts of the project.Going by the rules, what are you expected not to do?Do not quickly agree with a one-sided story and bash the accused parties. That could be seen as favoritism and will destroy the morale of some members.What should you do instead?Listen to both parties, find out what exactly happened then reconcile the members. Not a bad approach. So, what happens the next time there is another conflict? You will most likely do the same thing. Will you really be moving forwa rd? If so, at what pace?If you had an understanding of what caused the conflict, you would deal with the issue from the root. This way, you wouldn’t have to deal with it again because the situation won’t resurface.From reading this article, you will understand that situations and challenges occur because of the development stage which the team is currently in. What you then need to understand are the stages which teams go through before they become the desired solid team you want.As a team goes through these stages, it is bound to exhibit certain characteristics. Having anticipated them, you will prepare the right solutions. In fact, these solutions can be implemented beforehand. This way, you prevent some situations from coming up.Is there a better way for you to express wisdom other than this?FormingAfter some time studying teams, psychologist Bruce Tuckman came to the conclusion that teams go through stages before they reach high performance. In his conclusion which he publis hed in 1965, forming was the first stage of team formation.At this stage, people are just coming together and have very little knowledge of one another. Being virtually strangers to one another, they tend to minimize unnecessary contact as they first work on curving their own space.There can be little to no interaction at this stage. Whatever interaction happens, it is mainly an attempt at getting to know the other person. Or maybe interacting just for official purposes like asking questions about work to be done.Interactions are at the same time restrained as no-one yet knows how the other person reacts.When it comes to duties and responsibilities, these are often not clear enough for the team to sufficiently operate. Tasks may still be at the point of being distributed and team members may not be sure who is best for what.With a lot of uncertainty, you will greatly need to utilize your leadership skills at this stage. It will be upon you to provide directions for almost every task . You may need to personally engage team members and develop them for the tasks assigned to them.StormingThe second stage can quickly set in if the work being done requires constant interaction. And just as the name seems to suggest, this is where storms start brewing. The challenges which bedevil every group on its way to high performance show up.Individual members start to boldly express differing opinions from those of their colleagues. This can happen in complete disregard of the other person’s feelings. As a result, many conflicts arise and without proper resolution, the team may break.For a short guide on how to resolve such conflicts, watch the below video. It is important that in a team, every member gets treated right. No matter what position one holds in the team, respect for other team members is a must. During the conflicts which are very common in this stage, many people drop out of the team.The storming stage is where the true character of people comes out. Those who cannot accommodate others in their lives due to minor differences find it difficult to work with them. A lot of jostling for positions and higher ranks is also common in this stage.As the leader, you are still responsible over the team at this stage. In fact, you will remain responsible over the team because it’s part of your duty. In any case, isn’t the leader responsible for the success of the team?You will have to provide a strong sense of leadership because this stage can bring some dramatic experiences. For example, some members may go to the point of challenging your leadership authority.Remember that the team is like a young family you are trying to bring up. Do not therefore be overbearing or overly harsh with anyone. Just understand that it is a stage in the development of the team.NormingThis is when things start cooling off and your leadership efforts pay off. Team members have understood that they are meant to work together. They have also been able to resolve their conflicts and now work together well enough.Through the conflicts which arose earlier, team members learn that different people operate differently and they respect that. Everyone respects the other person and start to readily offer help when needed.Team members have also started understanding the company goals or objectives of the project. They own the goals and processes and easily work together towards achieving those goals.Your position of authority is also recognized and respect accorded accordingly. The strengths of the individual members are also recognized and appreciated. This puts the team in a better position than before and they can now achieve more.PerformingAs the stage initially said to be the last one, the team has now gone through the necessary stages. This stage is called the performing stage because here, the team performs well. Even without external interference.There is a smooth flow of the processes involved in working and a sense of general friendship also ex ists. By this time, tasks and responsibilities are clear and everyone is working hard to bring about the expected results.Part of the success that comes in the performance stage is a result of the kind of leadership you have exercised. You have definitely set up some structures to support the work being done and these are now being used to maximize productivity.As the stage where performance and delivery is great, you can delegate your roles and free your time for other jobs like business development.ADJOURNING (TEAM BREAKUP)After registering success and a project comes to an end, most teams have to break and the individuals go back to their usual tasks. This is a stage which Bruce added later, in 1977, although by adjourning, there is really nothing to do with team formation.Another reason for adjournment is internal restructuring of the organization. This can leave some team members feeling lonely and have difficulty moving on. These are the team members who developed very close r elations with their colleagues in the team.CONCLUSIONHaving understood the stages of team formation and what happens in them, it is easier to navigate through and offer proper leadership. This way, you can guarantee that success will be more of the norm rather than an exception.

Malaysia maritime environmental issues and its impact on naval operations - Free Essay Example

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Seas and oceans traditionally used by us to have all the source of rich, opportunity and abundance. The vast area of it has given us the aspiration either to use or to abuse it.ÂÂ   Most of the countries in this world are connected with sea and ocean, which make the line of communication and transportation easily done through it.ÂÂ   Many years ago while air transportation is impossible, transportation through land could take a month to reach. Sea and ocean line was used heavily either for trade, communication or expanding the power beyond the borders.ÂÂ   The increasing awareness by us has changed the point of view that the feel of appreciation which not only in a sense of importance for economy and social, but also in a sense of security.ÂÂ   Maritime security and safety issues are major and hot topics nowadays.ÂÂ   It is spoken all over the world, especially in this modern and globalise era where crime has no longer a matter of a single country but a matte r concerning everybody.ÂÂ   It is borderless and at any time can happen anywhere.ÂÂ   Because of the large maritime area, this crime is very difficult to contain particularly in the area where the enforcement is less due to lack of security assets.ÂÂ   This situation worries the country, especially those are depending directly to the sea as a source of development.. Maritime threats have existed ever since commerce went to sea.ÂÂ   Now, its just in what capacity and in what dimension.ÂÂ   Threat to maritime in aspect of maritime security and safety can be from any kind such as piracy, sea robbery, human trafficking, smuggling and others, which cover up to sea pollution.ÂÂ   Malaysias total sea area of 614,159 square kilometres is almost twice its landmass and the size of itsExclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) alone is 453,186 square kilometres.ÂÂ   An estimated 70 percent of the population lives along 4,800 kilometres of coastline area, which have rich ecosystem and biodiversity.]With these unique backgrounds, it has offered tremendous economic value and prospects to Malaysia.ÂÂ   Major economic activities are offshore petroleum, marine transport, marine tourism, fisheries and aquaculture. As a maritime nation, Malaysia is a party to a number of international conventions dealing with marine pollution, which laid down important rules to be followed by state parties to prevent and control marine pollution.ÂÂ   Some reports have concluded that the quality of marine environment and life in our country is showing signs of decline.According to Oxford Dictionary (7th edition) environmental issues can best define with something connected to natural conditions that affect behaviour and development of something.ÂÂ   To be more precise, environmental issues are negative aspects of human activity on the biophysical environment.ÂÂ   Few examples of maritime environmental issues are conservation, environmental degradation, environmental health, nanotechnology, nuclear issues, water pollution, air pollution and resource depletion.ÂÂ   To explain further, the definitions of environmental issues in law perspective as follows: Any direct or indirect alteration of the physical, thermal, chemical, or biological properties of any part of the environment by discharging, emitting, or depositing environmentally hazardous substances, pollutants or wastes so as to affect any beneficial use adversely, to cause a condition which is hazardous or potentially hazardous to public health, safety, or welfare, or to animals, birds, wildlife, fish or aquatic life, or to plants or to cause a contravention of any condition, limitation or restriction. Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) is one of the maritime agencies in Malaysia which one of the roles and functions is to safeguard our national interest.ÂÂ   Hence, theroles and functions are the bread and butter to the RMN, and of course it is not limiting the usage, freedom of manoeuvres in Malaysian waters for whatever reasons.ÂÂ   In connection to maritime environmental issues, the RMN has a strong sense of commitment in upholding the community values of Malaysia.ÂÂ   At the forefront of these values are respect for the environment and a growing need to ensure that naval operations are undertaken by sustainable methods and that the environment is preserved for future generations. 1.2PROBLEM STATEMENT With the current capabilities and ageing of warships, RMN has a bigger issues to adhere to the rules and regulations with regards to environmental friendly and thus will affect the conduct of RMN Operations.Indeed there are inventions of new environmental friendly technologies and of course will increase operational efficiency, but due to the limited budget on national defence sector, RMN is to wisely maintain its own asset and at the same time parallel to environmental issue requirements. 1.3 OBJECTIVE S The objectives of this study as follows: To examine the relationship between Naval Operations and maritime environmental issues. To determine what is the negative factor contributes by RMN warships in relations to maritime environmental issues. To determine whether the capability of RMN in conducting operations isconstrainedby the current environmental policy and legislation. To suggest solutions towards the environment compliant warship without jeopardizing required operations. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY RMN warships are not much different with any commercial vessel and thus should comply withenvironmental regulations such as the Environment Quality Act 1974.ÂÂ   Due to the integrity, RMN should set a very good example in complying not only to the act, but to adhere to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 and a number of international maritime environmental conventions in order to portray a good image to the public.ÂÂ   RMN warships should be able to operate without restriction in ports or open seas.ÂÂ   Due to some intensive measures on environmental issues, there aresome restrictions and constraint on naval activity with regards to ships design and conduct of operations.ÂÂ   Hence, the study should be able to determine the best solution for win-win situation. 1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW The literature of the research mainly based on environmental thesis papers,which havebeen done by scholars as a reference.ÂÂ   Generally, the literature addresses Malaysias environmental qualities, environmental justice and common public attitudes towards the environment.ÂÂ   It is further discussed about policies, practices and Malaysias commitment to international agreements which to be scrutinized.ÂÂ   The literature as well as provides information with regards to consequences of the fast track style of development on our natural resources, health, quality of life and ecosystems. 1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The preparation of this research paper is based on the secondary data,mainly from books and other published articles.ÂÂ   Most of the material from military references are classified Restricted.ÂÂ   Therefore, limits the research on the subject matter. Time constrained is the biggest setback and hindered a more commendable study of the existing issues. 1.7 METHOD AND SOURCES The primary method will be through literature research.ÂÂ   Therefore, the sources will be published books and journal articles spanning the subject areas of Malaysia Environment Issues and RMN Operations.ÂÂ   Newspaper articles, speeches by relevant personalities and interviews will also be sought after.ÂÂ   Information will also be extracted from official governmental or organisation websites. 1.8CHAPTER OUTLINE The paper will be organised into five chapters as follows: Chapter 1 : Introduction . This chapter is the introduction of the subject and layout of the paper. Chapter 2 : Maritime Operations .ÂÂ   This chapter will elaborate the concept and conduct of Naval Operations focusing on the RMN. Chapter 3 : Existing Maritime Environmental Issues and Degree of RMN Compliance .ÂÂ   This chapter examines a series of environmental issues, related to shipping design and operation.Its further discuss the degree of compliance for each issue, against existing environmental legislation and regulations. Chapter 4 : Impacts to RMN .ÂÂ   This chapter will discuss the impact on RMN current operations and to determine whether the capability of RMN in conducting operations is constrained by the current environmental policy and legislation. Chapter 5 : Conclusion .ÂÂ   This chapter includes a discussion on the possible outcomes and to suggest solutions towards an environment compliant warship without jeopardizing required operations. CHAPTER 2 MARITIME OPERATIONS 2.1 INTRODUCTION During the course of recorded history, mankind has perpetually looked towards the sea as a provider of nourishment, as a channel for trade and for the migration of people, culture or idea. The last three millennia has witnessed the development of maritime craft from simple design to the fully computerised ships of the modern day era.ÂÂ   In relation to safe guard maritime national security, warship has been designed and developed as a symbol of supremacy and struggle for control of the seas and trade influence in faraway lands.ÂÂ   Warships have been instruments of both good and evil and have influenced the evolution of mankind.ÂÂ   As a maritime nation, Malaysia is not excluded in enhancing and developing its naval capabilities.ÂÂ   Located at the crossroads of Southeast Asia and the sea are seen as an increasingly important factor in the economic and security aspect of this country. The Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) started from humble beginnings with a rudimentary naval force of coal burning launches and small coastal patrol boats during the colonial time.ÂÂ   Today, the RMN fleet comprises an assortment of modern warships, submarines and naval helicopters armed with state of the art command, control, communication, computers and information (C4I) armed with long-range guided missiles and protected by the most modern electronic warfare systems.ÂÂ   This has completed the metamorphosis of RMN from the coastal Brown Water Navy into a Blue Water Navy, a modern armada. In order to parallel with its vision To be a World Class Navy (Always Excellent), RMN have to be a committed organisation, competent, forward looking, strive for quality and always seek for continuous improvement in managing its own source and technology.ÂÂ   Presently, the roles of the RMN are two-fold; during wartime, the RMN is to ensure the maritime sovereignty of Malaysia while during peacetime, its role is to protect the nations maritime interest that included Malaysias offshore resources, especially oil and gas, shipping and fishing. Since environmental issues are a major challenge and concern throughout the world, the RMN has to develop its operations toward supporting the environmental friendly. 2.2 NAVAL OPERATIONS Naval operations will be the largest contributor toward the maritime environmental issues if it is not being tackled well.ÂÂ   To narrow down the scope of this research, the focus and discussions will be towards the RMN operations.ÂÂ   Every naval exercise always associated with the universal role known as The Trinity of Naval Functions (Figure 2.1) namely military, constabulary and diplomacy.ÂÂ   The first role is the military which is to enforce of state sovereignty and defend the national jurisdictions in the sea by way of control and deterrence at sea.ÂÂ   Secondly is constabulary roles, the navy carried this to enforce the security and law to protect marine resources and the national marine wealth, to maintain order at sea and to support the national development.ÂÂ   The third role is diplomacy. Naval forces are the visible mobile and potent symbols of the nation state and such are the useful instruments of foreign policy.ÂÂ   These roles and functi ons are the bread and butter to the RMN, and of course it is not limiting the usage, freedom of manoeuvres in Malaysian waters for whatever reasons. 2.3 MARITIME WARFARE AREAS Malaysia as a maritime nation is the facts that cant be argued about.ÂÂ   The sea area is larger than the land mass and a unique feature of being a country split by an ocean supporting the facts.ÂÂ   Malaysia is divided by the South China Sea into two main land masses namely the Peninsular Malaysia on the western side and Sabah and Sarawak on the eastern side.ÂÂ   These two land masses are being separated by more than 1000 kilometres of navigable waters.ÂÂ   Malaysia and the nations of the region are reliant on the sea for transportation; they draw greatly on the maritime environment for living and mineral resources.ÂÂ   Maritime forces have significant access and control in our region.Thus, Malaysia requires maritime forces able of curb the challenges of our strategic geographical conditions. The RMN is essentially responsible for protecting Malaysias maritime interest.ÂÂ   To meet these tasks, the RMN is provided with various assets ranging from old an d obsolete patrol craft to the most modern and highly sophisticated state of the art frigates and corvettes capable of carrying out all the four dimensions of naval warfare, namely surface, sub-surface, air and electronic warfare. 2.3.1 Anti Surface Warfare ( ASu W ) The main dimension of Naval Operations is ASuW defined as follows: The actions necessary to detect, identify and counter an adversarys surface capability.ÂÂ   ASuW operations, which may include sea control and sea denial operations, disruption of Sea Lane of Communications (SLOCs), defence offriendly forces from surface attack, or a combination of all, seek toensure that the necessaryaction are conducted in a timely fashion, denying any adversary the ability to employ forces in an effective manner. Thus, freedom of manoeuvre and able to sustain long period of operations is the major requirements for the RMN warships. 2.3.2 Anti Submarine Warfare (ASW) In order to counter subsurface threat, RMN warships must be able to detect the enemy using any available sensors.ÂÂ   Therefore to locate a submarine requires a very hectic and thorough procedure which this will requires warships to stay longer at operational area.ÂÂ   The elements of ASW as follows: ASW comprises operations with the intention of denying the opponent the effective use of submarines.ÂÂ   The ASW protection of a force depends on defence in depth and close coordination between ships, helicopters, Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA), shore-based facilities and friendly submarines.ÂÂ   The complexity of such coordination and the special environmental factor involved makes the submarine threat one of the most difficult problems to counter. 2.3.3 Anti Air Warfare (AAW) Warships are vulnerable once detected at the open sea, therefore it exposed to be attacked, AAW in the maritime situation required fast reactionof its sensors and personnel, in order to counter the threat.ÂÂ   The purpose of AAW is defined as: Is the term used for the defence of friendly forces against the threat of aircraft and airborne weapon, whether launched from air, surface, or submarine platforms.ÂÂ   AAW is the maritime term for defensive counter air operations and is part of the joint air defence system.ÂÂ   AAW is based on the principle of defence in depth and layered defence, defeating air attacks at the maximum possible distance from maritime forces 2.3.4 Electronic Warfare (EW) In EW, an electromagnetic and acoustic spectrum is being exploited as to integrate to the various warfare areas, such as AAW, ASUW and ASW.ÂÂ   Warships and aircraft are equipped with a variety of systems that utiliseor exploit the electromagnetic and acoustic spectrums in order to give early information on enemy position [24] and activities. 2.4 RMN IN RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Being a small navy, the RMN needs to evolve to remain relevant.ÂÂ   It has to create a credible force encompassing an integrated system of ships, aircraft, submarines and well trained personnel, but resource are increasingly scarce.ÂÂ   To stay ahead, the RMN has to do more with less.ÂÂ   In other words, one of the RMN challenges is to stay ahead by achieving improvement through the application of creative and innovative solutions and making all round improvements continuously.ÂÂ   The other challenges are the need to adopt technological advancement, continuous upgrading of the existing fleet to ensure the highest state of readiness and effectiveness and achieving synergy in the future warfare scenario.ÂÂ   The procurement of new technologies and upgrading of its asset must parallel with the environmental friendly requirements. In 1994, the EarthCheck Global Standard was established by the travel and tourism industry to provide a mechanism for the promotion of environmentally sustainable tourism.ÂÂ   It is also demonstrating a commitment towards environmental and social responsibilities, better environmental risk management procedures and asset protection.ÂÂ   With the current awareness towards meeting the growing environmental requirement for compliance, RMN has started with KD LEKIU and KD SRI INDERASAKTI as a pioneer.ÂÂ   The bold action by the RMN is influences by following factors: The RMN ships will acknowledge as no different than other commercial vessels and thus its will bind to the same rules and regulations. Environmental issues are currently complex and need special attention and requiring effective and flexible long-range planning. It is difficult to forecast the environmental requirement due to ageing if warships in order to develop appropriate responses. The international community is increasingly applying a coordinated global approach to foster marine environmental issues.ÂÂ   Thus, the RMN should portray a good image in addressing the problem a pro-active way. Strict rules and regulations in controlling the marine pollution are now being implemented in coastal areas and also being expanded on the high seas. The RMN approaches toward environmental friendly warships is unable to meet the complex challenges of environmental compliance.ÂÂ   More strategic and forward-looking plan for future ships is to be implemented. The RMN approach toward environmental friendly warships is eventually costly and may sometimes endanger the health of service personnel as well as operational effectiveness. A better environmental compliant warship design is much more significant due to the good return of investment in operational and cost benefits.ÂÂ   It will not have to rely on shore support for waste management. Apart from these commitments, warships basically having the privileges of sovereign immunity and special exemption as discuss below. Complete exemption of warships and other ships owned or operated by a State and used only on government non-commercial service from the application of the convention so far as both main rules and enforcement provision are concerned. Having said that, the RMN has a strong sense of commitment in upholding the community values of Malaysia, thus naval operations are properly planned as to suite the environmental stewardship in order to preserve it for future generations and therefore,will give the RMN a fine record.ÂÂ   It appears that there were operational benefits from sound environmental practices and the RMN is slowly to adopt this concept.ÂÂ   2.5 CONCLUSION In conclusions Maritime Operations is a challenging business.ÂÂ   Having a vast area of operations with a multi faceted of the threat, the RMN continuously been challenged by the new development such as the rise of non-traditional maritime security issues and the complexity of maritime environmental issues.ÂÂ   Maritime operations, parallel with environmental issues will provide a better solution in managing the maritime security issues.ÂÂ   In another case, it will give some operational benefit to the RMN since every item onboard has been well maintained and the operational requirementsare easily tackled. Apart from having the special privileges and immunity of warships, the RMN should not take this advantage to take part as one of the environmental non-compliance conducts.ÂÂ   As to progress toward environmental stewardship, the RMN therefore should act like no different than international ocean shipping, which binds to the rules and regulations as to uphold the community values of Malaysia. CHAPTER 3 EXISTING MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND DEGREE OF RMN COMPLIANCE 3.1 INTRODUCTION The RMN warship is no different than other international oceans shipping all over the world; more or less it would contribute to the effect of the environmental issues.ÂÂ   Most studies have found that the international ocean shipping industry accounts for roughly three percent of global greenhouse gas emissions.ÂÂ   This means that if the ocean shipping industry were a country, it would rank seventh in the world in emissions.ÂÂ   Its shows that more or less ocean shipping industry contributed to environmental problems, hence warships are not excluded.ÂÂ   Even though warship has been thoroughly design, but it still contributes to some extend the environmental effect while doing their operational task.ÂÂ   As we go through our daily life, which is increasingly becoming fast paced and hectic, only a few of us take a time out to look around and notice the devastating effects of modem civilization on the environment.ÂÂ   The environment has to sustain not o nly the basic human needs for survival but also the conversion of raw materials into goods and services. Ensure continuous improvement in the productivity and quality of the environment while pursuing economic growth and human development. Ensure the highest commitment to environmental protection and accountability by all decision makers in the public and private sectors, resource users, non-governmental organisations and the general public, in formulating, planning and implementing their activities. Based on above principles in Malaysia National Policy on the Environment, the RMN is yet to adopt this principle officially because the negative aspect to the environment is very minute, but in a long term period the effect will slowly affect the environment, and this will de discuss further in following paragraph.ÂÂ   Therefore, planning and implementing activities from designing of warships to the way executioner part of the operations are to be monitored and suit to the highest commitment of environmental protection. Malaysia has a sound and viable National Environmental Policy and adequate legal regime to cope with challenges of the present day marine pollution issuesÂÂ   The protection of the marine environment and degree of the RMN compliance were based on Environmental Quality Act 1974, Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, Merchant Shipping Oil Pollution Act 1994, Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1984 and Fisheries Act 1985. 3.2 RELATED MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Threats to the environment are an increasing concern for states, societies and the international community. In relations to naval operations, below are the related maritime environmental issue which more or less hascontributed to the emerging problems. 3.2.1 Water Pollution Water pollution may be less conspicuous than the solid waste pollution, but it is probably even more dangerous.ÂÂ   This is partly because a wider range of harmful chemicals falls in this category and partly because it is more mobile as compared to the solid waste materials.ÂÂ   With regard to marine environmental issues, liquid pollutants are generated from ships and offshore installations.ÂÂ   Liquids are simply dumped into the oceans without any treatment.ÂÂ   One of the most common liquid wastes is sewage.ÂÂ   In many cases sewage is discharged to the sea without any treatment, which will create disease producing bacteria thus the plant and animal life in it cannot survive and the water becomes anoxic or lifeless. 3.2.2 Air Pollution and Degradation of the Atmosphere Air pollution is one of the toxic forms that affect the environment.ÂÂ   Air, by far, is the most important aspect to human life.Air pollution and air quality has become a huge topic in the world today.ÂÂ   The air quality is different depending on your location where about.ÂÂ   For examples, Los Angeles is very smoggy and has poor quality versus the forests of Brazil that have very clean air, meanwhile Kuala Lumpur is experiencing seasonal haze from month of July to October every year.ÂÂ   Polluting the air with any kind of foreignmaterial such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon mono-oxide, hydrogen sulphide, volatile organic compounds, chlorine, chloroform, chlorinedioxide and making environment dangerous to live for living species is called air pollution. Air pollution is actually the accumulation of any unsafe substances to the atmosphere, which causes the destructive of the environment, human health and the quality of life.ÂÂ   The increasing of shipping industries has increased in air pollution and even though ships are operating far from land, more or less it has contributed to the increase in the death rates resulting from various diseases caused by air pollution varying from breathing problem to lung cancer. Air pollution does not only affect people, but it also damages the whole ecological system in which plants and animals are harmed as well. Air pollution has reached such a critical stage where it affects the earths atmosphere as it lets in more harmful radiation from the sun. Consequently, our polluted atmosphere is becoming a better insulator, thus, preventing heat from escaping back into space. That is why there is a global rise in temperature, which scientists refer to as global warming.ÂÂ   Pursuant to this ris e in temperature the world food supply and sea level will be affected, also there is the probability of the increase in the tropical disease. Air pollution also has a dramatic effect on natural resources.ÂÂ   Ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, coral reefs, and rivers perform many important services for Earths environment.ÂÂ   They enhance water and air quality, provide habitat for plants and animals, and provide food and medicines. Any or all of these ecosystem functions may be impaired or destroyed by air pollution.ÂÂ   Moreover, because of the complex relationships among the many types of organisms and ecosystems, environmental contamination may have far-reaching consequences that are not immediately obvious or that are difficult to predict. 3.2.3 Global Warming The excessive production of Carbon dioxide to the environment is one of the factors that have affected the ozone layer.Thus it willprevent some amount of solar energy from being radiated back to space. This phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect which leads to global warming.Among the industrialized countries, USA, Russia, Japan and France are the largest contributors to this menace.USA alone accounts for 42% of the total carbon dioxide emission all over the wor1d.Most countries in this region like Malaysia and Indonesia are rapidly approaching the emission levels recorded.As of now a rise of average atmospheric temperature has been reported over the past 75 years and is likely to continue into the next century. Global warming has resulted in shrinking of glaciers and ice sheets; a rise of 6 to 37inches in the mean sea level is predicted by the year 2100.Low lying countries within this region such as Bangladesh and Indonesia risk getting submerged by the rising sea levels. Glob al warming will aggravate the water crisis in summer months. It would also lead to expansion of geographical range of tropical pests and will increase the chances of forest fires. 3.2.4 Ozone Depletions The stratospheric ozone layer existing between altitudes of 12 to 35 kilometres is considered as a protective shield or an umbrella for the earth because it prevents the ultraviolet rays from reaching the surface of the earth.In the absence of this layer, no life would be possible because the sun rays would raise the temperature of the lower atmosphere making the earth a blast furnace. The importance of the ozone layer came to light in 1985 when a hole was detected over Antarctica.Chloro Flouro Carbons or CFCs are the group of the gases, which are largely responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer. These synthetic chemicals are widely used as propellants in spray cans, air conditions and refrigerators. Thus CFCs in addition to carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are termed as greenhouse gases as they all contribute to the greenhouse effect. In addition to this, Ozone layer depletion has caused a definite rise in the cases of skin cancer it is estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) that 12% decrease in the ozone layer would cause skin cancer in up to half a million people per annum. 3.2.5 Acid Rain Acid rain is the serious pollution hazard. It causes irreparable damage to agricultural crops, forests, aquatic life and even the human body. It corrodes buildings, pollutes the drinking water and degrades soil. Major sources of sulphur dioxide emission are thermal power plants, crude oil refineries and automobiles, which together account for 50% of the sulphur dioxide pollution.Rainwater of pH less than 5.6 is considered acidic. Emissions of waste gases from industries, vehicle exhausts and power generation are causes of rainwater acidity.When the pH levels of lakes and rivers fall below about 5.5, many species of fish will die, and this in turn is followed by changes in the ecosystem.Acid rain is corrosive to metals such as iron and zinc roof, marble and limestone.Low pH values have been attributed by an increased in industrial activity and large numbers of motor vehicles emitting considerable amounts of sulphur and nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere.Acid rain is detrimental to life and life-support systems. Acidity is measured by hydrogen ion concentration, designated as pH, and is measured on a scale of 1 to 14. A pH value below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is alkaline.Rain acidity in Peninsular Malaysia is on the rise and the number of areas affected by acid rain is growing. Studies by the Meteorological Service Department exposed that, to date the acid rain is becomingworrying environmental problem. 3.3 BINDING LAWS Most of the international environmental law is based on agreement or treaty.With regard to the protection of the marine environment, Malaysia adheres to a number of international conventions. The treaties are as follows: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982. Maritime Pollutions Convention (MARPOL), 73/78. International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC), 1990. International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992. International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 1992. Treaties are made to be performed. Pacta sunt servanda or the rule that treaties arebinding on the parties and must be performed in good faith is the fundamental principle of customary international law. This principle has been reaffirmed in Article 26 of theVienna Convention on the law of Treaties 1969, Every treaty in force is binding uponthe parties to it and must be performed in good faith. Therefore, Malaysia is obliged to the binding laws and thus not excluding the RMN in this context. This paper will only discuss one domestic rule and twointernational treaties as to examine and relate the degree of the RMN compliance in environmental issues. 3.3.1 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Act 1984 The Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1984 is an important Malaysian statute devised to implement certain aspects of the UNCLOS 1982.Part IV of the EEZ Act deals with protection and preservation of the Marine environment. Under Section 9, Malaysia has the sovereign right to exploit her natural resources in the EEZ pursuant to her environmental policies and in accordance with her duty to protect and preserve the marine environment in the zone. Offences under the EEZ Act are the discharge or escape of oil or pollutant in the EEZ; and failures to comply with directions to remove, disperse, destroy or mitigate damage by pollution. As mentioned above by Dr. Abdul Ghafur in his paper, the EEZ act is a devised used to curb maritime pollution and interrelated with UNCLOS convention.ÂÂ   Therefore the RMN is to oblige to enforce this rule and also need to adhere to the regulations when conducting her operations. 3.3.1 United Nations Conventions Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Malaysia is one of the signatory countries to this convention.ÂÂ   As a party to UNCLOS, Malaysia is obliged to comply with the principles laid down in the Convention.Therefore, the RMN is obliged: To protect and preserve the marine environment. To exploit its natural resources with sound environmental policies and in accordance with its duty to protect and preserve its marine environment. To take all measures necessary to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment, using the best practicable means at their disposal and in accordance with their capabilities To ensure that activities under its jurisdiction or control are so conducted as not to cause damage by pollution to other States and their environment. To prevent pollution of the marine environment by addressing particular sources of pollution. To monitor the risks and effects of pollution of the marine environment and to carry out environmental impact assessment of activities under its jurisdiction or control. In relations to this rule, the RMN is to ensure that naval operations are undertaken by sustainable methods as to preservethe environment for future generations. 3.3.2 Maritime Policy (MARPOL) The main international convention regulating pollution from vessels is MARPOL 73/78.ÂÂ   The detailed rules on pollution from ships are set out in six Annexes to the Convention as follows: Annex I : Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil Any operational discharge of oil or oily mixtures from an oil tanker is prohibited, unless all the following conditions are satisfied: The tanker is not within a special area; The tanker is more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest land; The tanker is proceeding en route; The instantaneous rate of discharge of oil content does not exceed 30 litres per nautical mile. The total quantity of oil discharged into the sea does not exceed, for tankers delivered on or before 31 December 1979, 1/15,000 of the total quantity of the particular cargo, and for tankers delivered after 31 December 1979, 1/13,000 of the total quantity of the particular cargo; and The tanker has in operation an oil discharge monitoring and control system and a slop tank arrangement as required under the Annex. Annex II:Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk Some 250 substances were evaluated and included in the list appended to the Annex. The discharge of their residues is allowed only to reception facilities until certain concentrations, and conditions are complied with. In any case, no discharge of residues containing noxious substances is permitted within 12 miles from the nearest land. Annex III:Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form Contains generalrequirements for the issuing of detailed standards on packing, marking, labelling, documentation, stowage, quantity limitations, exceptions andnotifications for preventing pollution by harmful substances. This Annex shouldbe implemented through the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG)Code, which has been amended to include marine pollutants. Annex IV: Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships Contains general requirementsto control pollution of the sea by sewage from ships. Specifically, it providesthat the discharge of sewage is prohibited,unless: The ship discharges disinfected sewage in a manner approved by theConvention at a distance of more than 4nm from the nearest land. In cases where the sewage is not disinfected, sewage is discharged at apaced rate at a distance of more than 12nm from the nearest land. The above, however, does not apply when the discharge is necessary for thesake of saving lives or when the discharge occurs as a matter of mitigating theincidence of a larger escape. Annex V:Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships Relates to the prevention of pollution by garbage from ships, and it applies to all ships. Perhaps the most important feature of the Annex is the complete ban imposed on the dumping into the sea of all forms of plastic.ÂÂ   The Annex regulates different types of garbage and specifies the distances from land and the way they may be disposed of.Lining and packing materials which float cannot be disposed ofwithin 25 nautical miles of land, disposal of food waste and all other garbage isprohibited within 12 nautical miles of land.ÂÂ   Except for food wastes, no garbage may bedisposed of from any fixed or floating platforms for the exploration and exploitation of seabed mineral resources.ÂÂ   For special areas, more stringent requirements apply. Annex VI: Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships Contains requirements tocontrol air pollution from ships. The Annex outlines guidelines and provisions for the emission of differentsubstances and specifies the requirements for the testing, survey andcertification of marine diesel engines to ensure they are fully compliance, thus it will prohibit deliberate emissions of ozonedepleting substances. 3.4 NAVAL ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE Warships are no other different to any other ships in the world.ÂÂ   As the navy is trying to seek compliance with regard to environmental issues, bellow is the few factors that should be tackled by the RMN first. 3.4 .1 Antifouling Paint Coatings Antifouling paint is being used by ships below the water line as to reduce the effect of the growth of barnacles as to give more speed to ships in performing operational tasks.ÂÂ   According to International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships, in order to preserve the environment, all antifouling paint must not contain harmful substance to underwater organism such as tin, lead and chromium in the paint mixture. As an alternative, ecoloflex substance is being used, but it will not solve the barnacle problem in total since the chemical substance is at the low level.ÂÂ   Furthermore, its require ships to up slip regularly to conduct the maintenance, and it is not cost effective.ÂÂ   Another environmental free substance is polyurethane treatment that is Interfleet.ÂÂ   Unfortunately, it will only be effective at vessels which able to cruise more than 10 knots.ÂÂ   Due to the varies type of ships and operations, warships must be abl e to proceed at a slow speed which is less than 10 knots, such as transiting through a mine field for an example.ÂÂ   Thus, it will not solve the issues, and the RMN, for the time being, is not compliance to the convention. 3.4 .2 Fuel Transfer Activities In order for warships to stay longer at their respective operational area, fuel transfer at sea is being practiced.ÂÂ   Thus, precise navigation and ship handling are required to accomplish the replenishment activity.ÂÂ   What fear most is an oil spill during this activity.ÂÂ   It will endanger to marine life and difficult to purify once neglected.ÂÂ   Marine species exposed to oil can cause problems such as susceptibility to disease and spay reproductive cycle.ÂÂ   Even though such bad incident never happened, the RMN is taking serious in this matter.ÂÂ   The safety precautions havebeen lay out in the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) and Perintah Am Panglima Armada (PAPA) as to remind the Navy People to be vigilance at all time.ÂÂ   In this aspect, the RMN is fully compliance to the listed regulations. 3.4 .3 Sonar Operations Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR) is one of the equipment being used by warships and submarines to detect and classify under water contact.ÂÂ   Mid Sonar produce an active pulse by emits sound by pulse to identify the distance, size and the speed of the underwater objects.ÂÂ   The sonar wave bound on object and reflects back to the underwater acoustic receiver as echo.ÂÂ   Depending on the exposure, active Sonar can harm the certain marine life such as making them deaf and disorientation.ÂÂ   The uses of sonar by warships and submarines (depends on power output) will encourage migration of marine species into other territories, and it will generate an impact towards the nations economic growth.ÂÂ   There is no research about the migration of marine species due to sonar transmission being done in Malaysia, it is very difficult to verify the fact.ÂÂ   Normally, during peace time, transmission of sonar or underwater exercise is being done in the gazetted operational area.ÂÂ   The RMN compliance to these issues is still questionable to this region. 3.4 .4 Oily Waste and Bilge Water Management Ship usually has the oily water separator to separate the oily water from oil and discharge overboard only the water.ÂÂ   The oily water can come from the bilges, contaminated tanks and others.ÂÂ   Oily water separator will divide the oil from water and direct the remaining oil to the used oil tank.ÂÂ   According to MARPOL Annex 1 requirements, discharge overboard can be acceptable only if the oil concentration is less than 15 ppm but if the water is more than 15 ppm the system will trigger an alarm, and it will be stopped.ÂÂ   The military involved in military operations usually been related with the misconduct on the discharge of oil wastage into the sea.ÂÂ   Preventive actions could be implemented by enforcing such regulations to limit the discharge activities only at confined areas such as the basins or at the authorized port.ÂÂ   3.4 .5 Ballast Water To stabilize the ship, sea water will be pumped into the ballast tank compartment according to the calculation. Ships that are not balanced and stabilized will lead to problems when navigating throughout the sea.ÂÂ   This application also being used by the submarines while conducting their operational tasks.ÂÂ   When filling the sea water in the tank, the ships tank also filled by organisms that harmful to the ecosystem.ÂÂ   Some harmful species can adapt to a new area quickly and cause danger to the area such as the spread of new diseases, alter the landscape and reduce the ability of local species in search of food.ÂÂ   The water in the ballast tanks can also spread infectious diseases such as harmful bacteria and toxins that can cause alterations such as changes in growth, disruption of hormone cycles, birth defects, suppression of the immune system, and disorders resulting in cancer, tumours, and genetic abnormalities or even death to humans and marine life.Ã ‚Â   The current guidelines for the control and management of ships ballast water to minimise the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens are covered in IMO Resolution A.868(20), adopted in November 1997.ÂÂ   The impact for the RMN is when the ship sailing to outside our territorial water. We must control all ballast water transfer onboard ship.ÂÂ   The ship must be given strict instruction not to replenish the ballast tank except in the emergency situation. If there is any requirement to replenish the ballast water tank, the water must be tested properly to ensure there is no harm organism transfer to neighbourhood waters. 3. 4 .6 Ozone Depleting Substances Freon and Halon are widely used onboard the RMN warships.ÂÂ   This is due to the old technology and system still being used.ÂÂ   Freon is used onboard ship as coolants in refrigeration and air conditioners, as solvents in cleaners, particularly for electronic circuit boards, and as propellants in aerosols while Halon is being used as one of the substances for fire main system.ÂÂ   Halon, which contains bromine, is very effective in putting out fires.ÂÂ   The New York Times, in an article by Malcolm W. Browne, stated that the recent agreement of 87 countries to halt the manufacture of Halon fire extinguishers will eventually eliminate a potent threat to the earths protective ozone layer.ÂÂ   The RMN is not fully compliance to the regulations since KD LAKSAMANA TAN PUSMAH and KLD TUNAS SAMUDERA still utilised Halon in putting out fires while the issue on usage of Freon has been solved by replacing another environmental friendly substance.ÂÂ   The RMN had t o expedite the modernisation of both ships to utilise to environmental friendly substance or system such as using the nitrogen gasand water mist system to fully compliance. 3.4 .7 Engine Exhaust Gas Emissions The usage of low quality fuel has affected the environment.ÂÂ   This will produce polluted air, which constituted 18% to 30% of nitrogen oxides and 9% of sulfur oxide.ÂÂ   Sulfurwhen mixed with air can produce acid rain, which can damage the plants, organisms and buildings.ÂÂ   If inhaled, sulfur can cause respiratory problems and even increase the risk of heart attack.ÂÂ   Regulations on Engine exhaust gas emissions are enclosed in MARPOL Annex VI Ageing of asset and limited budget on defence industry is one of the key factors that negate the environmental requirements. 3.4 .8 Grey Water Management Grey water is wastewater from the sinks, showers, galleys and laundry onboard ship. In particular, grey water has been potential to cause unfavourable environmental effects because of content of nutrients and other oxygen materials.ÂÂ   Estimates of grey water range from 110 to 320 litres per day per person, or 330,000 to 960,000 litres per day for a 3,000-person cruise ship.Ageing of asset and limited budget on defence industry is one of the key factors that negate the environmental requirements. 3. 4 .9 Garbage Management Garbage onboard ship is comprising of plastics, paper, cardboard, metals, food waste and medical waste.ÂÂ   With regards to MARPOL Annex V, Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships, garbage is not to be thrown and to be kept onboard and to be disposed ashore.ÂÂ   Due to limited storage area, mission endurance will be reduced.ÂÂ   This will limit warship presence in operation area. 3.4 .10 Sewage Management According to the MARPOL Annex IV Chapter 3, prohibit the discharge of sewage from ships at sea, unless the discharge is carried out through the sewage treatment plant and disinfecting system provided, that the ship is more than 3 nm from the nearest land or that is carried out from a holding tank provided that the ships is more than 3 nm from the nearest land [91].ÂÂ   Sewage remaining in holding tank onboard ships may be discharged through waste management facilities located at port.ÂÂ   The RMN is fully compliance to the rules and regulations but operational wise. It will limit operational hour ships at sea due to limited storage area onboard ships, thus will limit warship presence in operation area. 3.5 CHALLENGES Current related environmental issues in this chapter aremore towards the design of ships rather than operational impacts.ÂÂ   This will be costly effected in order to be compliance toward environmental stewardships.ÂÂ   In relation to fulfil the said requirement, the RMN has to share their activities with the public.ÂÂ   Therefore, the secrecy of naval operations in certain aspect is jeopardized.ÂÂ   3.6 CONCLUSION Warships will always represent the country when conducting operational visits abroad.ÂÂ   Thus, it is a compulsory to adhere to the stipulated rules and regulations be it local or international in order to upkeep the nation pride and integrity.ÂÂ   It is noted that the RMN is not fully compliance to the said requirement due to the ageing of asset and limited budget on defence expenses even though the effect is not a major contributor toward maritime environmental issues and in the long term it will create an alarming problem.ÂÂ   The environmental policy andlegislation will then became restrictive to the RMN Operations if the current asset is not being maintained well.Therefore, serious attention is required to solve this issue. CHAPTER 4 IMPACTS TO RMN 4.1 INTRODUCTION It is generally recognized now that marine pollution has developed into a serious environmental problem.ÂÂ   More or less, the RMN has contributed to this issue and still at the level of under control.ÂÂ   Even though warships are given special immunities and exemptions during the conduct of its operations, due to the commitment toward environmental stewardships, the RMN has taken this challenge in order to uphold the community values of Malaysia.ÂÂ   This chapter will determine whether the capability of RMN in conducting operations is constrained by the current environmental policy and legislation. 4.2 ORGANISATION Bad incident such contributions towards environmental non-compliance will portray a negative impact to the RMN. It will not only give the pessimistic perception from the public, but the incident somehow or rather require the government to pay a total sum of compensated money.ÂÂ   Therefore, the reputation of the RMN can be jeopardise.ÂÂ   The RMN in the other hand is difficult to gain trust from related Non-government Organisation (NGO) in relation to environment issues. The current organization of Fleet Readiness Department in the Fleet Commander Headquarters is the best organisation to monitor the progress and implementation on environmental stewardships.ÂÂ   With the help of Engineering Department in RMN Headquarters, the RMN will easily implement the new policy. 4.3 LEGISLATIVE In relations to the legislative and naval operations, the standards of sound environmental management are constantly being updated and in many cases are becoming more restrictive.ÂÂ   Activities that were previously considered normal can become illegal pursuant to new environmental regulatory initiatives.In the other hand, some countries persist to follow the legislative conduct of environment compliance.ÂÂ   In this case to reduced warships immunity as being mentioned by Till as follows: Some countries, for example, want to reduce the sovereign state immunity of warships so that they become susceptible to the safety and environmental regulations that bind civilian shipping.ÂÂ   This encourages increased interest in environmentally friendly warship design.ÂÂ   The onboard disposal of ship wastes (especially oil, plastics, hazardous material, medical wastes and so on) for example, allows navies to demonstrate leadership in the stewardship of the oceans. With the ageing of warships, is the RMN ready to give way to its immunity is very subjective.ÂÂ   It will take a lot of research that will implicate from the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) to the development of environmental compliance machineries to be re-evaluated.ÂÂ   The most important thing is to change the mindset of the Navy People, especially to those who serve onboard ships.ÂÂ   Furthermore, the modernisation of its warships will take some time due to the limited budget on its defence industries.ÂÂ   Thus, the RMN need to consider this legislative matter before proceeds to the implementation, because it will affect not only the operational wise of the RMN but the budget of course. 4.4 DOCTRINE The RMN is yet to adopt the environmental concept in total.ÂÂ   Ever since there is a requirement in implementing naval environmental policy, the doctrine of course is needed to be revised since the RMN has none of this reference.ÂÂ   Even thought, the RMN has adopted few certificates in enhancing its conduct towards environmental friendly, yet the focus on maritime environmental issues is less.ÂÂ   Among the certificates are Environmental Management System (EMS) 14001:2000 certified in 2007, Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSAS) 18001:2007 certified in 2009 and last but not least EarthCheck, which certified in 2010. In developing its doctrine to suite the environmental friendly requirements, it will require major alignments between the SOP and legislative part in preserving the environment.ÂÂ   This will takes some time for the Navy People at first to change their mindset, subsequently, to develop training and procedures before it can be fully adapted to the real operational tasking.ÂÂ   The current international recognise certificates as mentioned earlier can be used in developing the doctrines. 4.5 TECHNOLOGY The current development of naval technology has proven environmental friendly since the demand and design of this of product have increased.ÂÂ   Due to the rapid development of technologies from time to time, the RMN is predicted to have difficulties in integrating between modern equipment and ageing of warships.ÂÂ   As to relate with new technology being installed on board, the Navy People are to be prepared to develop its new SOP and to be re-trained in order to suite to the said requirements. Again, these required big allocations of money which depends on the budget allocated to the defence industries. 4.6 OPERATIONAL The major difference between naval and merchant ships, leading to different effects while sailing in similar environmental conditions, is their operational profile.ÂÂ   Combatant vessels must be capable of withstanding design defined sea states, without any decrease in their fighting ability. In relations to the above statement, the conduct of warships in its operational area is depended on its sustainability to be present on the tasked area.ÂÂ   For an example, due to compact design of warships and its limited space, thus, it will limit the space for unwanted material such as garbage on board.ÂÂ   If these unwanted materials to be keep onboard for a long period, it will create an unhealthy environment became a disease that will impact the personnel on board. In adopting the environmental compliance, it will limit the operational area in coastal waters due to most of these areas are the marine protected areas such as Marines Parks.Furthermore, the usage of Sonar more or less will create the migration of fishes to the safer area.ÂÂ   Thus the RMN needs to fully establish its own training exercise area as to negate the conflicts.ÂÂ   In relation to fulfil the said requirement, the RMN has to share their activities with the public.ÂÂ   Therefore, the secrecy of naval operations in certain aspect is jeopardized.ÂÂ   So much so, the RMN need to properly plan its future operation as to support the environment stewardship. 4.7 CONCLUSION We do agree that there is a special immunity to warships in enforcing their operational task at sea.ÂÂ   In addition, with the current alarming environmental issues, the special privileges will be no longer applicable due to the public awareness and will assume and demand that warships is no other different with other shipping industries.ÂÂ   Therefore, this requires full participations of the Navy People to change their mindset in implementing environmental stewardship. Based on the examples and impacts as discussed before, environmental stewardship seems to give more benefit to the RMN.ÂÂ   Since it will provide the operational benefits, a lot of things to re-consider because it will implicate manpower, skills, time and continuous commitment among the Navy People.ÂÂ   Therefore, it will take some time for the RMN to adhere to the said requirement. CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 5.1 INTRODUCTION Long coast line gives Malaysia with prosperous coastal area full with unique and various biodiversities.ÂÂ   Maritime environmental awareness has become a fundamental requirement globally in order to maintain and preserve the well being of Mother Nature.ÂÂ   Malaysia as a coastal state has the right to emphasize its own customary rules so as to reduce, control and as well to prevent the pollution from continuously deteriorating into the maritime environment. Therefore, tighter environmental regulations by UNCLOS and MARPOL in the future are expected.ÂÂ   Thus, the RMN has to be proactive in executing the measures in protecting its own EEZ from being polluted and at the same time adheres to the said regulations. 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS Total Quality Management (TQM) which has been practices by the RMN is the best solutions towards an environment compliant warship without jeopardizing required operations.ÂÂ   With this tool, the Navy People are encouraged todevelop and creates light technology, which is cheaper, simple and applicable tobe used on board ships.ÂÂ   However, the concept of the technology should be more focus toward environmental friendly.ÂÂ   By introducing this, the RMN not only will reduce the operational cost but will contribute to environmental stewardships. The current EarthCheck certified warships that is KD LEKIU and KD SRI INDERASAKTI is to be the benchmark and the implementation of EarthCheck certified warships are too prolonged to the remaining RMN warships.ÂÂ   It is important to note that to change the mindset of the Navy People required years to develop and progress.ÂÂ   Thus, the environment stewardships syllabus is to be introduced in all training centres be it cadet or recruits training centre.ÂÂ   In fact, it will create awareness among the Navy People at the early stage.In developing procedures and doctrines with regards to the environment stewardships will take years tobe developed.ÂÂ   It will not only conflicts time, but also man power as they need to be re-train due to the changing of procedures.ÂÂ   In the other hand, the current International Standard (ISO) needs to be revised as to compliment to the evolving situations.ÂÂ   Everybody knows the important to maintenance but not everybody cares about it.ÂÂ   In order to ensure all equipment onboard working without any problem, schedule maintenance must be conducted without failed.ÂÂ   For example, if any of the important equipment like the main engine did not maintain properly, it will produce exhaust that had black smoke that contains more carbon than permitted according to MARPOL.ÂÂ   If the oily water separator failed, the ship cannot treat their bilges as it should be and might discharge it overboard innocently. It should be well-known that various technologies that lead to environmental conformity also generate greater cost effectiveness in the long term and may also amplify the operational efficiency.ÂÂ   Apart from TQM approaches, that is why research and development (RD) is important to the Navy.ÂÂ   By doing RD, we can develop technology such as modification onboard small ship and develop new antifouling paint in order to compliance with the environmental policy.ÂÂ   We also can do Operational Research to study our existing standard operating procedures (SOP) like refilling and discharge ballast water tank in the high seas as to ensure that our environment free from pollution. Cooperation with the other government agencies like Fisheries Department and Tourism Board is also important in order to determine sensitive and rich area in order for our marine species can be maintained protected.ÂÂ   Areas like Sipadan Island and Tioman Island which are rich with natural habitats arevery much important for tourism industries. Through identifying the protected area, we can protect the environment from harmful activities such as harmful active sonar and fuel spilling that could happen when conducting naval exercise or operations in the respective area. 5.3 CONCLUSION We do agree that there is a special immunity to warships in enforcing their operational task at sea.ÂÂ   In addition, with the current alarming environmental issues, the special privileges will be no longer applicable due to the public awareness and will assume and demand that warships is no other different with other shipping industries.ÂÂ   Therefore, this requires full participations of the Navy People to change their mindset in implementing environmental stewardship.ÂÂ   Even though, the environmental stewardships providing more towards the operational benefits, a lot of things to re-consider because it will implicate manpower, skills, time and continuous commitment among the Navy People.ÂÂ   Therefore, it will take some time for the RMN to adhere to the said requirement. The future of this planet is depending on how we manage and counter the light of rapid degradation of the environment.ÂÂ   The available evidence indicates that pollution is rising despite efforts to bring it under control.ÂÂ   It is apparent that at present we are not coping well with the situation.ÂÂ   To eliminate the root cause of these problems will take years to be solved.ÂÂ   Hence, the corrective measures are to be implemented.ÂÂ   Though a gradual but time bound implementation programme the pollution levels can be reduced, and environmental protection can be achieved.ÂÂ   One of the important actions that we should embark is inculcating maritime awareness among the mariners.ÂÂ   Maritime awareness should cover all the requirements of environmental rules and regulations.